John F. Kennedy (Leaders)

Born in May 1917, John F. Kennedy came from an illustrious political family; his father Joseph Kennedy was a leading member of the Democrat party and Joseph encouraged John F. Kennedy in his political ambitions after the war.

"Ask not what your country can do for you--ask what you can do for your country."

John F Kennedy

John F Kennedy was America's second youngest elected president. He oversaw one of the most crucial moments in the Cold War (Cuban Missile Crisis) and sought to affirm America's beliefs in basic human rights by calling for civil rights legislation and an attack on poverty and degradation. Assassinated in November 22, 1923, his tragic death shocked America and the world.

John graduated from Harvard after completing a thesis on "Appeasement in Munich" His thesis was later converted into a successful book - Why England Slept.

Before America joined the war, John joined the navy and saw action throughout the Pacific theatre. In August 1943, his boat was rammed by a Japanese destroyer 'Amagiri'. John F Kennedy was later decorated for his outstanding bravery in rescuing a fellow crewman; he was also awarded the Purple heart for later action. Later he was modest about his actions, saying he felt a bit embarrassed as it resulted from a botched military action.

In 1946, he won a seat in Boston for the US House of Representatives, and in 1952 got himself elected for the US Senate, defeating the incumbent Republican.

In 1953, he married Jacqueline Lee Bouvier. In 1957 he was awarded the Pulitzer prize for biography for his book 'Profiles in Courage' a book about US Senators who stood up for their personal beliefs.

In 1956, he was nearly chosen to be the Vice Presidential candidate for Adlai Stevenson. The national exposure raised his profile, and in 1960 he was chosen to be the Democratic nomination for the Presidency.

In 1960, in a very tight election, John F. Kennedy narrowly defeated the much fancied Republican, Richard Nixon. It was a memorable election with many millions glued to the tv in the pre-election hustings. John F Kennedy came across very well on TV and looked more relaxed and professional on camera.

It was the first time a Roman Catholic had been elected president and it was a big issue in America where many Protestants distrusted the prospect of America being influenced by the Vatican. He had to assure voters he was not a Catholic candidate for presidency, but someone standing for President who happened to be a Catholic.

During his inauguration, JFK, gave a very memorable speech, where he famously encouraged citizens to help the nation become strong again.

"Ask not what your country can do for you--ask what you can do for your country."

He also called for greater internationalism.

"We will make clear that America's enduring concern is for both peace and freedom; that we are anxious to live in harmony with the Russian people; that we seek no conquests, no satellites, no riches; that we seek only the day when 'nation shall not lift up sword against nation, neither shall they learn war any more.' "

In 1961, Kennedy ordered the Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba. It was mostly led by Cuban exiles with minimal US support. However, the invasion was a failure leading to embarrassing negotiations with Fidel Castro's Cuba.

In 1962, the world came extraordinarily close to nuclear war during the Cuban Missile Crisis. The Soviet Union moved missiles to Cuba. Many in the American military were keen on an air strike on the missile bases. But, Kennedy chose a more cautious diplomatic approach. He found a way to offer Khrushchev a way out without losing face, whilst making sure the missiles were removed from Cuba.

During his brief presidency, John F Kennedy oversaw an escalation of US involvement in Vietnam, which included sending 16,000 military advisers to the country. Later, Kennedy's secretary of defense Robert McNamara said Kennedy was considering pulling out of Vietnam in 1963 and believes that if Kennedy had survived, American involvement would have ended. Tapes showed that Lyndon Johnson later criticised Kennedy's opinion that America should withdraw.

Ich Bin Ein Berliner.

In June 1963, Kennedy made a memorable speech in West Berlin. He criticised the Soviets for their divisive wall. He stated:

"Freedom has many difficulties and democracy is not perfect, but we have never had to put a wall up to keep our people in."

John F Kennedy was assassinated in November 1963. Lee Harvey Oswald was arrested and put on trial for his murder. However, before he could reach trial, Lee Harvey Oswald was himself murdered by Jack Ruby. Lee Harvey Oswald always pleaded innocence and many believe the assassination was a conspiracy.